Nutritional protocol for hypothyroidism Research Paper

Healthful convention for hypothyroidism - Research Paper Example In light of solid clinical examinations and experience of the clinical specialists on the field, the individual in question calls attention to the variety of dietary factors that may influence thyroid capacities as to lead the perusers in settling on educated decisions in their interest for an issue free thyroid and at long last live strongly. Pathology and Etiology The thyroid organ which is situated before the neck, is the specific body part key to the investigation of hypothyroidism. In any case, a few cases are because of the breakdowns in the pituitary organ or in the nerve center. The most well-known reason for hypothyroidism everywhere throughout the world is iodine inadequacy - pervasive among devastated countries. Various ladies create hypothyroidism after pregnancy, called baby blues thyroiditis (Lowrance 15). Other normal causes incorporate intrinsic or birth deserts, radiation medicines focused in the neck territory which may harm the thyroid organ, radioactive iodine uti lized in rewarding hyperactive thyroid and careful procedure on the thyroid organ (Koumourou 53). Certain substances, for example, amiodarone, lithium, methimazole, propylthiouracil and eventually inordinate measures of radiation hasten hypothyroidism. Individuals more than 50 years of age and for the most part female have high-hazard determinants to grow such illness (Pratt and Levy 22). Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are the hormones that represent the all out thyroid hormones that stream in the circulatory system. These hormonal constituents keep up natural exercises in the body that influence the digestion of cells. At the point when these procedures are upset, at that point the anatomical regularities will likewise be upset that may prompt the accompanying side effects: affectability to cool, joint or muscle agony, exhaustion and shortcoming, blockage, weak hair or fingernails, pale and dry skin, weight increase, and sorrow. Whenever left untreated, late indications, for example, thickening of the skin, diminishing of real hair, slow discourse, dryness, and diminished feeling of taste and smell will happen (Fenton 26-30). Myxedema trance state, the most genuine type of hypothyroidism however uncommon, can bring about death for individuals who stay untreated. Dietary Restrictions Laboratory tests and clinical assessments are required to know precisely what sort of hormonal breakdowns or thyroid imperfections are endured by the patient. Regardless of whether it is immune system thyroiditis or hypothalamic infection or only an extreme instance of iodine lack, conclusion is required so as to set up the most suitable and effective wholesome convention (Rubin 70). Except for specific conditions, the treatment of hypothyroidism requires a deep rooted clinical consideration and care. The commonest strategy centers around hormonal substitution utilizing Levothyroxime, in any case, clinical investigations and experience show that the dietary admission of those with hypothyroidism is likewise a deciding element in the mitigation or in the exacerbating of the turmoil (Hueston 1718). Since hypothyroidism hinders the metabolic procedure, information on what to eat and how to eat is essential for the individuals who have the ailment (Ain and Rosenthal 258). Goitrogens, or nourishments containing proteins which slings the development of goiter, hinder the retention of iodine in the thyroid organ and may handicap thyroid capacities, ought to be strictly dodged. Soya, cassava,

Identify the key characteristics of the health care services external Essay

Recognize the key attributes of the human services administrations outside condition and talk about their suggestions for the expert - Essay Example Whereby, outside condition may include dissecting Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats that may influence arrangement of medicinal services administration (SWOT investigation). Then again, inner condition of a human services administration may include deciding medical clinic customers, contenders, partners/colleagues just as atmosphere which an association is working in (Muller, Bezuidenhout and Jooste, 2006). Outer factor may incorporate; a social, strict accepts, occupation and instruction level may influence arrangement of medicinal services administrations (Hitchcock, Schubert and Thomas, 2003). What's more, wellbeing efforts by means of the internet based life may impact individuals practices towards wellbeing administrations. For instance; wellbeing broad communications may sharpen and energize individuals on the significance of early conclusion and treatment of sicknesses. This thusly may significantly affect arrangement of wellbeing administrations (Moseley, 2009). M onetary components may additionally influence arrangement of wellbeing administrations. For instance, the disparities in individuals levels of pay may decide the openness of wellbeing administrations. Whereby, needy individuals may not be in a situation to manage the cost of value wellbeing administrations not at all like the well-off. Moreover, laws and guidelines may influence arrangement of wellbeing administrations since association must watch set up wellbeing gauges. Emergency clinics and wellbeing associations must secure nature and guarantee that individuals take clinical protection spread. Actually, inward factors may includes individuals accepts and their guiding principle as for the arrangement of social insurance administrations. Connectively, inward factors may additionally include the degree of information among the individuals. This may fundamentally affect arrangement of wellbeing administrations since individuals with more significant level of information are probabl y going to look for wellbeing administrations than the less proficient individuals from the general public (Muller, Bezuidenhout and Jooste, 2006). Key qualities of the medicinal services administrations outer and Internal Health Care Environment External Health Care Environment The United Kingdom social insurance administration contains the accompanying trademark; populace size, order, responsibility, subsidizing and overseeing execution. Populace trademark involves activities attempted by different bodies, for example, vital wellbeing authority which is answerable for a populace of 2.6-7.5 million individuals. Likewise, the essential consideration trust was answerable for a populace of in excess of ninety thousand individuals. Then again, the open consideration trust teamed up with neighborhood experts in arrangement of wellbeing. Moreover the general practice and establishment trust were additionally associated with wellbeing populace (The Change Foundation’s, 2009). Comma nd includes the obligations and duties that framework supervisors, chiefs and General practice ought to execute. For example, framework administrators ought make wellbeing arrangements as well as screen the advancement of both National Health Service and Primary Care Trust. Despite what might be expected, medicinal services officials have an obligation of creating neighborhood wellbeing techniques just as checking and coordinating social and wellbeing administrations. Likewise, general practice (GP, for example, medical attendants, drug specialist advisor, opticians and dental specialist they have a both clinical and administrative obligation (The Change Foundation’s, 2009). In above association, Secretary of state for wellbeing and division of wellbeing ought to be responsible in nature of wellbeing and guarantee close checking of both National

Howard Zinn and the Us Constitution

The late Howard Zinn is a much regarded history specialist. His perspectives are known to be striking and in any case questionable. In his book, â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,† Zinn addresses themes, for example, obligated hirelings, irate regular people, and the United States Constitution. Obligated hirelings were individuals of a lower financial class who worked for individuals of a higher monetary foundation. These hirelings worked for a given measure of time, for the most part somewhere in the range of five and seven years and either worked for cash, nourishment, safe house, or freedom.Indentured workers were initially comprised of for the most part youthful white guys who were exchanging their time jail or their destitution for time functioning as a hireling. The quantity of obligated workers started to diminish and not long after English settlers searched for other potential individuals to oppress. The Virginia settlement required work. They expect ed to develop corn for resource, and expected to develop tobacco for send out on the grounds that they had recently figured out how to develop tobacco.Virginia couldn’t make the Indians work for them like Christopher Columbus had done previously. The pioneers would be dwarfed on the off chance that they chose to attempt to assume control over the Indians despite the fact that they were furnished with guns. The Indians were ingenious, disobedient, extreme, and essentially brave. The settlement required a substitute decision. African slaves were the response to Virginia’s work issue. Blacks had just been imported as captives to South America and the Caribbean to Spanish and Portuguese colonies.The blacks made subjugation simpler as a result of how sad they were. They were ransacked of their country and culture and as a rule they were isolated from their families. Zinn alluded to the servitude against the blacks to be the cruelest type of subjugation ever. The British wer e burdening the pilgrim populace to pay for the French war. Numerous pilgrims didn't concur with the Stamp Act and needed it repealed.That summer, Ebenezer Macintosh, a shoemaker, drove a crowd in decimating the place of a rich Boston vendors like Andrew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson. Agitators crushed up their homes with tomahawks, drank all the wine in the basements, and plundered the places of the furnishings and different articles. English officials revealed these demonstrations to be a piece of a bigger plan where the places of 15 rich individuals were to be devastated. The uproars against the Stamp Act cleared Boston in 1767.It took the Stamp Act emergency to make the administration mindful of its problem. After the mobs a town meeting was masterminded and fundamentally upper and working class residents were permitted to join in. Zinn contends the Founding Fathers, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilto n, may have had ulterior financial and class conservation inspirations that were covered up by the general language of the constitution document.Zinn additionally contends that the rich, so as to make sure about their own advantages and monetary status, should either control the administration legitimately or control the laws by which government works. Zinn frequently alludes to the perspectives and compositions of student of history Charles Beard. Whiskers considered the financial foundations and political thoughts of the fifty-five men who assembled in Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the constitution. In his discoveries a lion's share of them were legal advisors by calling, the vast majority of them were rich because of land, slaves, assembling, or shipping.Half of them had cash lent out at premium, and that forty out of fifty held government bonds as indicated by the records of the treasury office. Whiskers likewise found that the majority of the creators of the constitution had some direct monetary enthusiasm for setting up a solid government. Whiskers didn't think the constitution as written to profit the Founding Fathers by and by. The issue of popular government in the post-progressive society was not anyway the sacred impediments on voting.It lay a lot further past the constitution in the division of society into rich and poor. The constitution at that point delineates the multifaceted nature of the American framework: that it serves the interests of rich world class, yet in addition does what's necessary for little proprietors, for center salary ranchers and mechanics to construct a wide base of help. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers, accepted that the legislature must align itself with the most extravagant components of society to make itself solid.

Legal Issues Essay Topics - How to Write One

Legal Issues Essay Topics - How to Write OneAs in all activities, research is important for a student's legal issues essay topics. Even if you are passionate about your topic, you can still get in touch with experts on various legal issues to get more details and advice.If you do not have legal issues and are looking for one, just search for 'legal issues' on Google and you will find hundreds of sites that offer legal advice. The list of topics ranges from consumer protection to insolvency to credit card scams. Some may need your legal expertise but some do not.All this means that a student who wishes to write a legal topics essay has a wide range of sources to choose from. For example, if you have recently joined a law firm or any company or service that requires a lot of specialized legal knowledge, there are numerous law firms that hire students for this type of work. If you are one of those students with a passion to work in the legal field, there are plenty of companies to choos e from. If you wish to study abroad in some other country or if you wish to stay in the United States, you may also go for the option of working in a law firm.In addition, if you are on a busy schedule, there are plenty of free tutorials online that will teach you the intricacies of the law. Many students take advantage of these programs to supplement their studies.However, writing a legal issue's essay can also be very challenging and, like all other essays, it is expected that the student may be burdened by time and hard work. So, the idea is to come up with the best possible content that allows him to convey his thoughts with ease. Whether you are taking legal courses online or in-class, make sure that you are able to keep your ideas flowing as fast as possible.While at school, do not forget to check your class notes as well as the other resources available to understand the entire idea of the essay. Always remember that it is important to go through the whole composition process before it is submitted to the examiner.If you are interested in learning more about legal issues, visit the links below. The links are listed in alphabetical order. To get the best information on your topic, visit the link mentioned at the bottom of this article.

The Company’S Revenues Have A Steady Growth (About 20 %)

The company’s revenues have a steady growth (about 20 %) during the last four years ending in 2016 to be up to 7,838.4b. According to the company’s annual report in 2015, UK is Inchcape’s biggest geographical market, accounted for 40% of the total revenues, while the other geographic regions accounted for the remaining part of the revenues, Australasia (17.8%), emerging markets (16.1%), North Asia (10.9%), Europe (7.9%), and South Asia (7.3%). As for the profits after the tax, it is noticeable that the years between 2013 and 2014 there was a slight decrease from 200.8m to 187.2m. However, in 2015, the company’s profits started to grow again due to the acquisition of an Australian luxury automotive group and company’s strong presence in†¦show more content†¦Another ratio that presents a more stringent test of liquidity is the quick ratio which does not include the inventories. Inchcape’s quick ratio decreases about 20% during the peri od 2014-2016. In 2016, the company’s quick ratio is 0.5.The minimum level for this ratio is often stated as 1, so, Inchcape is possible to find difficulty in fully paying back its current liabilities. Working Capital For all the years, the average inventories turnover period for Inchcape represents two and half months’ sales requirements (73 days).Although the company’s nature explains why this ratio is quiet long, it would be helpful for the company to try to reduce this ratio, improving its inventories control. Similarly, its average creditor days are quiet high, too. It represents nearly 75 days (about two months).It seems that the company probably finds it difficult to meet its financial obligation towards to suppliers on time. Thus, it is recommended that Inchcape should negotiate better credit terms from its suppliers. On the contrary, Inchcape’s average settlement period for trade receivables (debtor days) is only 10 days. It shows that the company collects relatively quickly the customers’ debts and so, it has a strong cash flow which can invest in new business ventures. Lastly, another one measure that evaluates the company’s working capital isShow Mor eRelatedNetscape Case787 Words   |  4 Pages2. Netscape Valuation. In the process of raising capital by issuing stock to the public a crucial moment is to determine the company’s share price that best reflects the real value of the company. In our analysis in order to estimate the fair value of Netscape’s share price we have applied the Weighted Average Cost of Capital Method of Valuation. The WACC method implies that the firm’s weighted average cost of capital represents the average return that the company must pay to its investors, bothRead MoreAnalysis Of Financial Health Of Imax Corporation1666 Words   |  7 Pagestheatre too great that they choose streaming movies online. The benefits are basically not good enough, and in IMAX’s perspective, it is losing customers to the online movie presence. Furthermore, people respond to incentives and thus, unless theater company’s make promotions to incentivize its audience, they are losing business. 3. One of the major business principles is the constant improvement of efficiency. Considering IMAX’s greatest competitor – online movie streaming – it is evident IMAX is focusedRead MoreMercury Athletic1439 Words   |  6 Pagescustomer’s taste and lead the market. Individual company’s performance depends on their fashion design to reach out to as wide a customer base as possible. †¢ Footwear brands, styles, and specialty use (athletic, casual, dress, etc†¦) have their own customer base. A company specializing in one type of footwear would have a market characteristic particular to that footwear’s performance. A shift in footwear trends might have a dramatic effect on a company’s performance. 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PepsiCos vision statement is PepsiCos responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate - environment, social, economic - creating a better tomorrow than today. The companys mission statement clearly orients the company to improving revenue and profit, in orderRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Marvel Enterprises1113 Words   |  5 Pagesits revenues. In the past, Comic books were so important to the company because it basically determined if Marvel would survive or die. Comic book sales surprisingly dropped but it wasn’t because of the quality of the books but a mismanagement which eventually led to bankruptcy. After the great comeback by Marvel, Comic books became the primary business but it was not a core business. From exhibit 1, financial status in the comic book industry has been stable since 1997, and sales were about $300Read MoreHertz1190 Words   |  5 Pageslike the public markets. 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Boeing, despite aerospace spending decreasing, has profited from projects such as the missile interception network and revamp of the US armed forces. TheRead MoreSaks Fifth Avenue vs. Neiman Marcus - A Detaile d Company Analysis Using Balance Sheets and Income Statements1205 Words   |  5 Pageswriting to analyse the companys current balance sheet and income statement. Particularly, I will critique on the companys results, compare it to past years, compare it to competitors, and make recommendations on how to improve its financial position. Neiman Marcus department stores offer luxurious and high-quality mens and womens apparel and accessories. The Neiman Marcus Group operates 35 stores in nearly 20 states. The 2004 net income was an impressive $204 million and revenue was $3.5 billion.Read MoreCase Note: Winfield Refuse Management, Inc.: Raising Debt vs. Equity731 Words   |  3 PagesHowever, there was decidedly less agreement on the matter of financing... 3. The article is about background and arguments about whether to raising debt or equity. II. Options: Funding the acquisition through a bond issue or common stock? III. Creteria: 1. Maximum the interest of shareholders/not hurt the existing shareholders interest. 2. Stable the stock price and make stock value growth. 3. Solidify its competitive position in the Midwest and make expansion. IV. Analysis

Marketing Analysis Of Nestle s Marketing Strategy

Introduction The following advertising campaign analysis with provide a product and target audience analysis on a chosen confectionery product that was advertised in Australia between 2014 and 2015. This analysis will focus on Nestlà © Kit Kat ‘Break Rescue’ campaign that ran from May to October 2014. The series of four television advertisements show a team of Breakguards that intervene when a break is in danger of being interrupted. Each advertisement is set in a relatable break environment that demonstrates how a Kit Kat and ‘Save your Break’. Product analysis The confectionery market consists of the sale of sugar confectionery and chocolate confectionery or other cocoa products. The Australian confectionery market has remained strong†¦show more content†¦According to Little (2015), contributors to this industry primarily compete based on price, branding and quality innovation. Although brand loyalty is strong in this industry, consumers are still price sensitive and are willing opt for lower priced, substitute products. (Euromonitor International, 2015). Branding and the ability to differentiate brands and products from others plays an important role in generating sales, resulting in competition within the industry (Little, 2015). Nestle’s Kit Kat is one of the major chocolate confectionery products in Australia. In 2014, the Kit Kat brand held 5.31% of the chocolate confectionery segment (Euromonitor International, 2014). According to Roy Morgan Research (2013) it was also Australia’s fourth most consumed chocolate bar with 6% of the total population consuming it an average four-week period. In terms of affordability, Kit Kat is a lower priced product that is affordable for a wider range of consumers. Kit Kat is a low-involvement product that is generally purchased on impulse, therefore availability of the product is very high with the vast majority of supermarkets, convenience stores and other non-store outlets such as vending machines sell it. Kit Kat’s differentiates itself from other products within the industry through its use of 100 per cent fair-trade certified cocoa beans and sustainable palm oil. Nestle Australia is the first major chocolate manufacturer in Australia to source a ll the cocoa

Rehabilitation of Criminals A Waste of Time or Wo Essay Example For Students

Rehabilitation of Criminals: A Waste of Time or Wo Essay rth The Effort?By: Heather RoseSince 1960, the number of violent crimes committed per capita in theUnited States has increased by more than 450%. More than 24,000 murders tookplace in America in 1991.. With each passing year, rapes, robberies, murder, andother forms of extreme violence has become a way of life for some individualswho fall short of societys norms; however, it is only a small portion ofcriminals who commit the majority of the crimes. It is no longer rare to be avictim of a violent crime or to know someone who has been affected . Get tough laws passed by many states have caused a increase in prisonspending. Prison populations in the 1980s have more than doubled resulting inmore prisons being built every year. Even with all the harsh sentencingguidelines, judges are not sentencing criminals to do necessary time . Prisonshave become a revolving door society. Only 25% of those convicted are sent toprison. Judges usually have to let out a inmate before another one can take hisplace. There are limited cells in prisons, so the majority of crimes arepunished by probation or court sanctions. Even when longer sentences are given,they are rarely served. The average murderer spends about six years in prison. What factors decide the outcome of such individuals? Some experts feelthere is no absolute answer, only speculation. There is however, a strongrelationship between environment and the outcome of offenders. Low income, pooreducation,drugs, and family breakdown are some factors that keep repeating incases of habitual offenders; however, the public sees the problem lies with theavailability of guns and lack of morals. Only one factor stands out in bothpublic and professional opinion, drugs. To deal with crime, we must first go to the root of the problem. TheAmerican society is a breeding ground for violent crime. Preventative measuresmust be implemented to stop such behavior before it starts. Teaching familyvalues in after school programs is a step in the right direction. Programs thatteach respect, anger management, and accountability for ones own actions is amust in todays society. Prison programs for the first time offender to help them becomeproductive members of society can be a step in the right direction.Teachinginmates how to manage anger, drug counseling, people skills, as well as teachingblue collar trade to inmates will ease the transition from prison to the outsideworld. When the inmate is released, a half way house should be the residence ofthe former inmate until adjustments are made. This way a person coming intosociety will not be overwhelmed by his new found freedom. Giving them backtheir freedoms back a little at a time. Community policing should be promoted in every urban area. Communitypolicing helps unite citizens together, establish relations between police andits citizens, and helps establish pride in neighborhoods. Bonds betweenneighbors are strengthened and unity is achieved. Family restructuring services should be implemented by the state and runby community leaders. Services for families in need could include, mental healthcounseling, living and coping skills, anger management classes, and domesticviolence help. Services should not be limited to those individuals who fall intocertain brackets( financial ), but to anyone in the community who desires helpto lead a productive life. After school programs to keep juveniles of the streets should reducecrimes in communities. Children with nothing to do will find ways to entertainthemselves, usually this leads to criminal mischief. After school programsalready in use at public schools have had a sharp decrease in criminal relatedmischief. Programs such as sports and homework help has helped in reducingdropout rates. .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .postImageUrl , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:hover , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:visited , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:active { border:0!important; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:active , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Time Capsule EssayCategory: History

Experience Gaining Essays - Marching Band, 9, Music,

Experience Gaining An experience that shall never escape me is my first week of marching band camp in ninth grade. Held at my high school of the time, this two-week journey will fill your soul with glorious notes and alert your senses to the feeling of music. Everywhere you place yourself for those two weeks at camp, no matter where, you cannot get away from the essence of song and rhythm. Whether you're sitting in the heated band room with humidity that resembles walking through an ocean or on break for fifthteen minutes smoking harsh cigarettes fast enough to also get a refreshing drink of water that cools and moisturizes a heat-smacked throat, the music is everywhere, and everything is in some way associated to the music, even the pitcher's mound of the baseball field as it kicked up sand as we traversed across it during practice. Upon entering the school which reminds one of an ancient Greek temple with it's cracked pillars, but still beautiful structure, the all too familiar scent of wet paint rushes into your nose as you gaze around to look at the dusty floor and bare walls that will become covered in student propaganda like some silly mosaic. As you climb the chipped marble staircase, stray notes begin to stimulate your ears like that first hint in the morning that you mother is cooking breakfast. On the oven-like fourth floor in the band room, there are about seventy-five bustling teens playing instruments, talking, and laughing into a unique whirlpool of music that you can feel vibrating your very soul. Each different point of focus in that room has its own very definite individuality and flavor, and you can see that just by standing in the doorway! Mr. Lutz, the band instructor, is a very eccentric, short, balding man who has that wide spaced rumbling in his voice like a bullfrog. Very serious and to the point, he is also on of the nicest people that one could meet. When the members first get their music, which is always somewhat challenging, there is, at first, a unified look of confusion around the room so much that you can almost taste the uneasiness. When we begin playing, the music sounds almost nothing like it's supposed to. Sort of like everybody's on the right page, but a different part of it. After a while, though, everyone starts to get things and the music starts streaming from many different parts into one fine, melodic line. By the end of the first week, you could almost see the Disney movie "Aladdin" as we played "A Whole New World." Now is the time to take all that you have learned in the band room and drag it kicking and screaming out into the unbearable August heat to learn the field routine. The grass of our lumpy football field / baseball field is always freshly mowed and that sweet smell seems to hang stagnant in the air, along with the clippings on your shoes. On the home side of the field only, there are four rickety bleachers upon which we precariously place our cases and other things that we bring along with us like sun block and mini-coolers of water. Despite all this royal treatment, we still must sum up our courage and infiltrate the battlefield; some veteran mixed in along with the fresh meat. At the start, this consisted of us being placed in spots on the football field and being treated like pawns on an augmented chessboard, pikes (instruments) in hand. Once we got the gist of where we were supposed to move, it was then time to do this while playing. Each step we take represents a beat in the music, so if done right, we has quite the impressive effect of resembling a millipede that breaks apart and reforms at the will of the drum major. Friday of the last week is when we have our first show for our parents and friends. Scared, nervous, tense, anxious, are words that cannot even begin to describe the feeling of your first show in front of a crowd of people. Of course you don't want to perform, but deep down inside you have this burning desire to show everyone what two weeks of sweating hard work can amount to. You really don't realize actually how many people can fill up four bleachers until it's too late. So here we are marching out into the field in single file and on step like cartoon ants. My

Sexual Harassment against women at the Workplaces Essays

Sexual Harassment against women at the Workplaces Essays Sexual Harassment against women at the Workplaces After a long battle of almost 16 years after the verdict of Supreme Court in Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, in 1997, India finally enacted the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') for prevention of sexual harassment against women at the workplaces. Sexual harassment in workplace includes unwelcome verbal, visual or physical conduct of a sexual nature that is severe or pervasive and affects working conditions or creates a hostile work environment. It is a serious factor that renders womens involvement in works unsafe and affects her right to work with dignity. It endanger the victims job, negatively affect her job performance or undermine the victims personal dignity. It may manifest itself physically or psychologically. Its milder and subtle forms may imply verbal innuendo, inappropriate affectionate gestures or propositions for dates and sexual favors. However it may also assume blatant and ugly forms like leering, physical grabbing and sexual assault or sexual molestation. Before, the verdict of Supreme Court in Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, women experiencing sexual harassment at workplace had to lodge a complaint under Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code that deals with the criminal assault of women to outrage womens modesty, and Section 509 that punishes an individual or individuals for using a word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman. The entire scenario changed in 1997 with the introduction of Vishaka guidelines. The Supreme Court for the first time recognized, acknowledged and explicitly defined sexual harassment as an unwelcome sexual gesture or behavior aimed or having a tendency to outrage the modesty of woman directly or indirectly. Defining sexual harassment as an act aimed towards gender based discrimination that affects womens right to life and livelihood, the Supreme Court developed broad based guidelines for employers. The mandatory guidelines were aimed towards resolution and prevention of sexual harassment. These guidelines brought in their purview all employers in organized and unorganized sectors by holding them responsible for providing safe work environment for women. The Vishaka guidelines apply to all women whether students, working part time or full time, on contract or in voluntary/honorary capacity. The guidelines include acts like Physical contact and advances, Showing pornography, a demand or request for sexual favours. Any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal such as whistling, obscene jokes, comments about physical appearances, threats, innuendos, gender based derogatory remarks, etc. It also provided for the formation of a Complaint Committee by the employers, which shall be headed by a woman employee and not less than half of its members would be women. All complaints of sexual harassment by any woman employee would be directed to this committee. The committee would advise the victim on further course of action and recommend to the management the course of action against the person accused of harassment. It also levied an obligation on the employer to make an express prohibition of sexual harassment in any form and make the employees aware of the implications through in house communication system / posters / meetings. However, despite the guidelines, women continued to be harassed in the workplace because the Vishaka Guidelines were being breached in both substance and spirit by state functionaries who harass women workers via legal and extra legal means, making them suffer and by insulting their dignity. In Medha Kotwal Lele v Union of India, the Court stated that the Vishaka Guidelines had to be implemented in form, substance and spirit in order to help bring gender parity by ensuring women can work with dignity, decency and due respect. It noted that the Vishaka Guidelines require both employers and other responsible persons or institutions to observe them and to help prevent sexual harassment of women. The Court held that a number of states were falling short in this regard. Recently, the issue of sexual harassment of women at the workplace assumed prominence with serious allegations being made against a former Supreme Court judge, whose court pronounced verdict on huge scams, and the editor of a magazine with truth and exposure as its masthead. In the case of the former, a court-appointed committee found that the complainants statement prima facie

Hong Kong Hotel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hong Kong Hotel Industry - Essay Example If we are to compare this with China, Most of the hotels there are operating on an approach that is friendly to the environment. Most of the hotels there prefer to operate on traditional basis in which they are somewhat using primitive gadgets and the likes which lessens the use of energy while delivering the same output they want to see. This paper aims to find out if environment friendly practices can affect the economic performance in Hotel industries in Hong Kong. This paper also want to establish that if in Mainland China and some places in Asia, the practice of environment-friendly Hotel industries is possible, then it is not impossible that Hong Kong can adopt that certain method. Also this will also tackle on why Hong Kong needs to adopt environment friendly practices to uplift the revenues of the aforementioned industries and why is it important to adopt these schemes. This paper will focus on the importance of adopting the environment-friendly practices of the company to ensure the economic performance of the Hotel industries in Hong Kong. ... The use of these literatures will help us solve puzzle on How Hong Kong Hotel Industries can adapt to environment friendly schemes and at the same time, helps them in achieving competitiveness. For example, this paper will derive articles on flight Magazines of different Airline companies such as the Mabuhay of Philippine Airlines. In one of its issue, an environment friendly practice was featured when people from the province of Pampanga in the Philippines managed to use the ashes and sulfuric dusts of Mt Pinatubo as a source of thermal massage in which the said practice is now known to the world. In most of the Hotels in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, the waste management are executed well thus earned them the distinction as the cleanest spot in South East Asia and these practices earned them so much. Different business and nature magazines gave this citation to them. In this case, the study is not limited to Hong Kong but is focused on the aforementioned area in order to use di fferent schemes that help save the environment. These environmental practices in the aforementioned areas really helped them in achieving their distinction as provider of Hospitality services that is beneficial to both the industry and in nature. These environmental practices will serve as basis as to whether it is applicable to Hotel Industries in Hong Kong and how the said industry in Hong Kong will gain competitive advantage if such industries would embrace the practice. Medical journals, business journals and the likes would be a big help in achieving the goal of this paper. These references will also determine the potential of Hong Kong through comparison with other places. Interview method and survey s will also be conducted in Hong Kong if the

Planning Project of PepsiCo in the United Kingdom Assignment

Planning Project of PepsiCo in the United Kingdom - Assignment Example To achieve this purpose, the chosen company is PepsiCo. Inc. which manufactures and markets diverse brands. The origin of Pepsi Cola was traced from the talent of Caleb Bradham, a New Bern, North Carolina pharmacist more than 120 years ago. Together with Coca-Cola, these two soft drinks manufacturer has revolutionized the beverage industry through their concoction of carbonated soft drinks (CDS), defined by Canadean (2010) as beverages that include sweetened, non-alcoholic drinks containing carbon dioxide (par. 1). The British Soft Drinks Association (BSDA) (2010) more comprehensively defined carbonates as â€Å"ready to drink including draught dispense; home dispense; regular including sparkling juice; low calorie and zero calorie; cola; lemon including lemonade; lemon-lime; mixers including tonic and bitter drinks; orange; shandy; others including other carbonated fruit flavours, energy drinks, sparkling flavoured water, health drinks and herbal drinks† (British Soft Drinks Association (BSDA) 2010, 9). In the UK, PepsiCo. started operations in 1953 and the Pepsi Max brand was firs t marketed in 1993 (PepsiCo UK & Ireland 2011). believe we should be known not just for the financial results we generate but also for the imprint we leave on society as a whole† (PepsiCo UK & Ireland 2011). To achieve this purpose, the organization designed and implemented strategies that focus on healthier products, protecting the environment, and providing holistic support for personal and professional growth for their people. As such, PepsiCo UK aims to transform their core business into providing products with potential health benefits and ensure that they would be catalysts of change in UK’s food and beverage industry (PepsiCo UK & Ireland 2011). Accordingly, the future thrusts of the organization are to lead in the promotion of healthy products by producing and delivering balanced amounts of fruit, vegetables, wholegrain, fiber, and other positive nutrients and food groups  (PepsiCo UK & Ireland 2011).

Bilbo Baggins in “The Hobbit” Essay Example for Free

Bilbo Baggins in â€Å"The Hobbit† Essay Firstly, it is necessary to outline that Bilbo Baggins is the protagonist and title character of â€Å"The Hobbit†. He is the most important figure in the novel, because his emotions, feelings and actions shape the plot of the story. Bilbo’s appearance is rather original and even funny as he is only half the size of a man. In the beginning of the novel Bilbo appears to be comfortable and complacent like most hobbits. For example, he likes drink, food and security as well as he has his snug little hole at Bag End, Underhill. However, starting from the chapter 5, when Gandalf â€Å"enlists Bilbo’s help in Thorin’s quest for the treasure under the mountain†, Bilbo gradually changes, develops and transforms from a cautious homebody to a confident and brave hero. With novel progression, Baggins displays inner cunning, strength and, certainly, he becomes the dominant force which holds the group of hapless dwarves together. Bilbo gains their respect, because he saves them from the goblins by shouting for Gandalf and then he helps them to defeat the spider and wood elves in Mirkwood. He is respected for finding the way into the mountain and leading dwarfs to the desired treasure. Furthermore, Bilbo discovers the weak spot of Smaug and tries to thwart Thorin’s greed. Simply saying, Bilbo wants to bring peace to the feuding dwarves, elves, and humans. Chapter 8 is the turning point in hero’s development, because Bilbo kills the spider and feels like â€Å"a different person†. Further, despite dwarfs’ stubbornness and inability to make proper decisions, Bilbo develops his newfound qualities of initiative, courage, and heroism. It is necessary to underline that when other participants of the journey become corrupted with greediness, Baggins tries to maintain common sense and courage. Throughout the novel, Bilbo discovers new capabilities unknown to him earlier. Moreover, he doesn’t become arrogant and follows his principles and values. Bilbo learns how to thrive and how to draw strength from the simple source trying to stay true to himself all along. References Tolkien, J. , Gardner, P. (ed. ) Phllips, B. (ed. ). (2002). The Hobbit. New York, NY: Spark Pub.

Networking and Communication Essay -- Technology, iPod, iTouch

Introduction Through many generations, technology has innovated and advanced itself to meet the demands of the consumer market. Consumers desire products that will enhance their social networking and communication. One of the most powerful products to keep consumers socially connected was the iPod touch. The iPod touch is not only a portable media player; it has numerous applications from all forms of entertainment to social networking. Apple marketed the first iPod touch in September of 2007, and by present day; it is rare to find any individual without one. Background As the iTouch is able to download music, videos, and movies, there are all kinds of legal ethical issues that are involved such as copyright infringements. In addition, since they are mobile devices, users can connect to the Internet through any unsecured wireless network, even if it means they are stealing the service. Additionally, there are various social issues drawn in since the Touch acts as a form of communication. With users constantly updating their statuses and the convenience of the tracking tool, it creates severe problems for stalking and cyber security. Another thing that has come up recently is that Apple is now offering subscriptions to magazines, newspapers, and etc. that can be read on the Touch. The problem is that one has to pay for and download an application from the Apple store in order to read them, even though one has already paid for a subscription to the magazine. The iPod Touch has doubtlessly strengthened sociability between people, but it also shaped problems for cyber stalking and personal safety. Ethical legal issues Copyright infringement becomes a severe problem when consumers illegally download music, videos, and movi... ...out privacy. Conclusion The iPod touch has created copious benefits for consumers, and for that reason, it is uncommon to spot an individual without one. Ever since the iPod touch first appeared in the market, it has generated amazing sales for the Apple company. Since the Touch is indeed a mobile device, many ethical, legal, security, and social issues come into play. Legal issues such as copyright infringement, ethical issues such as cheating on exams, security issues like the tracking gadget, and problems with social networking are all issues involved with the new technology. The different issues are building and connecting upon each other. Despite the issues encountered, the iPod Touch is a powerful gadget with various applications and entertainment. It has enhanced and simplified communication and networking to meet the demands of its consumers’ generation.

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay

â€Å"Pre-Socratic† is the expression commonly used to describe those Greek thinkers who lived and wrote between 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal principles which would explain the natural world from its origins to man’s place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the term â€Å"Pre-Socratic† indicates not so much a chronological limit, but rather an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, because natural philosophy was worthless when compared with the search for the â€Å"good life.†To give the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full due would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I have decided to list a number of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers.Anaximander1. Life and SourcesThe history of written Greek philosophy starts with Anaximander of Miletus in Asia Minor, a fellow-citizen of Thales. He was the first who dared to write a treatise in prose, which has been called traditionally On Nature. This book has been lost, although it probably was available in the library of the Lyceum at the times of Aristotle and his successor Theophrastus. It is said that Apollodorus, in the second century BCE, stumbled upon a copy of it, perhaps in the famous library of Alexandria. Recently, evidence has appeared that it was part of the collection of the library of Taormina in Sicily, where a fragment of a catalogue has been found, on which Anaximander’s name can be read. Only one fragment of the book has come down to us, quoted by Simplicius (after Theophrastus), in the sixth century AD. It is perhaps the most famous and most discussed phrase in the history of philosophy.We also know very little of Anaximander’s life. He is said to have led a mission that founded a colony called Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea. He also probably introduced the gnomon (a perpendicular sun-dial) into Greece and erected one in Sparta. So he seems to have been a much-traveled man, which is not astonishing, as the Milesians were known to be audacious sailors. It is also reported that he displayed solemn manners and wore pompous garments. Most of the information on Anaximander comes from Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus, whose book on the history of philosophy was used, excerpted, and quoted by many other authors, the so-called doxographers, before it was lost. Sometimes, in these texts words or expressions appear that can with some certainty be ascribed  to Anaximander himself. Relatively many testimonies, approximately one third of them, have to do with astronomical and cosmological questions. Hermann Diels and Walter Kranz have edited the doxography (A) and the existing texts (B) of the Presocratic philosophers in Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin 1951-19526. (A quotation like â€Å"DK 12A17†³ means: â€Å"Diels/Kranz, Anaximander, doxographical report no.17†³).| 2. The â€Å"Boundless† as Principle According to Aristotle and Theophrastus, the first Greek philosophers were looking for the â€Å"origin† or â€Å"principle† (the Greek word â€Å"archà ªÃ¢â‚¬  has both meanings) of all things. Anaximander is said to have identified it with â€Å"the Boundless† or â€Å"the Unlimited† (Greek: â€Å"apeiron,† that is, â€Å"that which has no boundaries†). Already in ancient times, it is complained that Anaximander did not explain what he meant by â€Å"the Boundless.† More recently, authors have disputed whether the Boundless should be interpreted as spatially or temporarily without limits, or perhaps as that which has no qualifications, or as that which is inexhaustible. Some scholars have even defended the meaning â€Å"that which is not experienced,† by relating the Greek word â€Å"apeiron† not to â€Å"peras† (â€Å"boundary,† â€Å"limit†), but to â€Å"perao† (â€Å"to experience,â⠂¬  â€Å"to apperceive†). The suggestion, however, is almost irresistible that Greek philosophy, by making the Boundless into the principle of all things, has started on a high level of abstraction. On the other hand, some have pointed out that this use of â€Å"apeiron† is atypical for Greek thought, which was occupied with limit, symmetry and harmony. The Pythagoreans placed the boundless (the â€Å"apeiron†) on the list of negative things, and for Aristotle, too, perfection became aligned with limit (Greek: â€Å"peras†), and thus â€Å"apeiron† with imperfection. Therefore, some authors suspect eastern (Iranian) influence on Anaximander’s ideas. Anaximenes (d. 528 BCE) According to the surviving sources on his life, Anaximenes flourished in the mid 6th century BCE and died around 528. He is the third philosopher of the Milesian School of philosophy, so named because like Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was an inhabitant of Miletus, in Ionia (ancient Greece). Theophrastus notes that Anaximenes was an associate, and possibly a student, of Anaximander’s. Anaximenes is best known for his doctrine that air is the source of all things. In this way, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of all things, and Anaximander, who thought that all things came from an unspecified boundless stuff. 2. Doctrine of Change Given his doctrine that all things are composed of air, Anaximenes suggested an interesting qualitative account of natural change: [Air] differs in essence in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, while when it is condensed it becomes wind, then cloud, when still more condensed it becomes water, then earth, then stones. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Influence on later Philosophy Anaximenes’ theory of successive change of matter by rarefaction and condensation was influential in later theories. It is developed by Heraclitus (DK22B31), and criticized by Parmenides (DK28B8.23-24, 47-48). Anaximenes’ general theory of how the materials of the world arise is adopted by Anaxagoras(DK59B16), even though the latter has a very different theory of matter. Both Melissus (DK30B8.3) and Plato (Timaeus 49b-c) see Anaximenes’ theory as providing a common-sense explanation of change. Diogenes of Apollonia makes air the basis of his explicitly monistic theory. The Hippocratic treatise On Breaths uses air as the central concept in a theory of diseases. By providing cosmological accounts with a theory of change, Anaximenes separated them from the realm of mere speculation and made them, at least in conception, scientific theories capable of testing. Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE – c. 546 BCE) The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristotle, the major source for Thales’s philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of matter and, therefore, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas of knowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics. He  proposed theories to explain many of the events of nature, the primary substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thales was much involved in the problems of astronomy and provided a number of explanations of cosmological events which traditionally involved supernatural entities. His questioning approach to the understanding of heavenly phenomena was the beginning of Greek astronomy. Thales’ hypotheses were new and bold, and in freeing phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientific endeavor. He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed the scientific method, and initiated the first western enlightenment. A number of anecdotes is closely connected to Thales’ investigations of the cosmos. When considered in association with his hypotheses they take on added meaning and are most enlightening. Thales was highly esteemed in ancient times, and a letter cited by Diogenes Laertius, and purporting to be from Anaximenes to Pythagoras, advised that all our discourse should begin with a reference to Thales (D.L. II.4). 1. The Writings of Thales Doubts have always existed about whether Thales wrote anything, but a number of ancient reports credit him with writings. Simplicius (Diels, Dox. p. 475) specifically attributed to Thales authorship of the so-called Nautical Star-guide. Diogenes Laertius raised doubts about authenticity, but wrote that ‘according to others [Thales] wrote nothing but two treatises, one On the Solstice and one On the Equinox‘ (D.L. I.23). Lobon of Argus asserted that the writings of Thales amounted to two hundred lines (D.L. I.34), and Plutarch associated Thales with opinions and accounts expressed in verse (Plutarch, De Pyth. or. 18. 402 E). Hesychius, recorded that ‘[Thales] wrote on celestial matters in epic verse, on the equinox, and much else’ (DK, 11A2). Callimachus credited Thales with the sage advice that navigators should navigate by Ursa Minor (D.L. I.23), advice which may have been in writing. Diogenes mentions a poet, Choerilus, who declared that ‘[Thales] was the first to maintain the immortality of the soul’ (D.L. I.24), and in De Anima, Aristotle’s words ‘from what is recorded about [Thales]‘, indicate that Aristotle was working from a written source. Diogenes recorded that  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ[Thales] seems by some accounts to have been the first to study astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the sun and to fix the solstices; so Eudemus in his History of Astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus’ (D.L. I.23). Eudemus who wrote a History of Astronomy, and also on geometry and theology, must be considered as a possible source for the hypotheses of Thales. The information provided by Diogenes is the sort of material which he would have included in his History of Astronomy, and it is possible that the titles On the Solstice, and On the Equinox were a vailable to Eudemus. Xenophanes, Herodotus, Heraclitus and Democritus were familiar with the work of Thales, and may have had a work by Thales available to them. A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still), because at the solstices, the Sun stands still in declination; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun’s path (as seen from Earth) comes to a stop before reversing direction. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In many cultures the solstices mark either the beginning or the midpoint of winter and summer. The term solstice can also be used in a broader sense, as the date (day) when this occurs. The day of the solstice is either the â€Å"longest day of the year† (in summer) or the â€Å"shortest day of the year† (in winter) for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. Proclus recorded that Thales was followed by a great wealth of geometers, most of whom remain as honoured names. They commence with Mamercus, who was a pupil of Thales, and include Hippias of Elis, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philippus of Mende, Euclid, and Eudemus, a friend of Aristotle, who wrote histories of arithmetic, of astronomy, and of geometry, and many lesser known names. It is possible that writings of Thales were available to some of these men. Any records which Thales may have kept would have been an advantage in his own work. This is especially true of mathematics, of the dates and times determined when fixing the solstices, the positions of stars, and in  financial transactions. It is difficult to believe that Thales would not have written down the information he had gathered in his travels, particularly the geometry he investigated in Egypt and his measuring of the height of the pyramid, his hypotheses about nature, and the cause of change. Proclus acknowledged Thales as the discoverer of a number of specific theorems (A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements 65. 8-9; 250. 16-17). This suggests that Eudemus, Proclus’s source had before him the written records of Thales’s discoveries. How did Thales ‘prove’ his theorems if not in written words and sketches? The works On the Solstice, On the Equinox, which were attributed to Thales (D.L. I.23), and the ‘Nautical Star guide, to which Simplicius referred, may have been sources for the History of Astronomy of Eudemus (D.L. I.23). Pythagoras (c.570—c.495 BCE) The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras must have been one of the world’s greatest persons, but he wrote nothing, and it is hard to say how much of the doctrine we know as Pythagorean is due to the founder of the society and how much is later development. It is also hard to say how much of what we are told about the life of Pythagoras is trustworthy; for a mass of legend gathered around his name at an early date. Sometimes he is represented as a man of science, and sometimes as a preacher of mystic doctrines, and we might be tempted to regard one or other of those characters as alone historical. The truth is that there is no need to reject either of the traditional views. The union of mathematical genius and mysticism is common enough. Originally from Samos, Pythagoras founded at Kroton (in southern Italy) a society which was at once a religious community and a scientific school. Such a body was bound to excite jealousy and mistrust, and we hear of many struggles. Pythagoras himself had to flee from Kroton to Metapontion, where he died. It is stated that he was a disciple of Anaximander, his astronomy was the natural development of Anaximander’s. Also, the way in which the Pythagorean geometry developed also bears witness to its descent from that of Miletos. The great problem at this date was the duplication of the square, a problem which gave rise to the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse, commonly  known still as the Pythagorean proposition (Euclid, I. 47). If we were right in assuming that Thales worked with the old 3:4:5 triangle, the connection is obvious. Pythagoras argued that there are three kinds of men, just as there are three classes of strangers who come to the Olympic Games. The lowest consists of those who come to buy and sell, and next above them are those who come to compete. Best of all are those who simply come to look on. Men may be classified accordingly as lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, and lovers of gain. That seems to imply the doctrine of the tripartite soul, which is also attributed to the early Pythagoreans on good authority, though it is common now to ascribe it to Plato. There are, however, clear references to it before his time, and it agrees much better with the general outlook of the Pythagoreans. The comparison of human life to a gathering like the Games was often repeated in later days. Pythagoras also taught the doctrine of Rebirth or transmigration, which we may have learned from the contemporary Orphics. Xenophanes made fun of him for pretending to recognize the voice of a departed friend in the howls of a beaten dog. Empedocles seems to be referring to him when he speaks of a man who could remember what happened ten or twenty generations before. It was on this that the doctrine of Recollection, which plays so great a part in Plato, was based. The things we perceive with the senses, Plato argues, remind us of things we knew when the soul was out of the body and could perceive reality directly. There is more difficulty about the cosmology of Pythagoras. Hardly any school ever professed such reverence for its founder’s authority as the Pythagoreans. ‘The Master said so’ was their watchword. On the other hand, few schools have shown so much capacity for progress and for adapting themselves to new conditions. Pythagoras started from the cosmical system of Anaximenes. Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans represented the world as inhaling ‘air’ form the boundless mass outside it, and this ‘air’ is identified with ‘the unlimited’. When, however, we come to the process by which things are developed out of the ‘unlimited’, we observe a great change. We hear nothing more of ‘separating out’ or even of rarefaction and condensation. Instead of that we have the theory that what gives form to the  Unlimited is the Limit. That is the great contribution of Pythagoras to philosophy, and we must try to understand it. Now the function of the Limit is usually illustrated from the arts of music and medicine, and we have seen how important these two arts were for Pythagoreans, so it is natural to infer that the key to its meaning is to be found in them. It may be taken as certain that Pythagoras himself discovered the numerical ratios which determine the concordant intervals of the musical scale. Similar to musical intervals, in medicine there are opposites, such as the hot and the cold, the wet and the dry, and it is the business of the physician to produce a proper ‘blend’ of these in the human body. In a well-known passage of Plato’s Phaedo (86 b) we are told by Simmias that the Pythagoreans held the body to be strung like an instrument to a certain pitch, hot and cold, wet and dry taking the place of high and low in music. Musical tuning and health are alike means arising from the application of Limit to the Unlimited. It was natural for Pythagoras to look for something of the same kind in the world at large. Briefly stated, the doctrine of Pythagoras was that all things are numbers. In certain fundamental cases, the early Pythagoreans represented numbers and explained their properties by means of dots arrang ed in certain ‘figures’ or patterns. Zeno’s Paradoxes In the fifth century B.C.E., Zeno of Elea offered arguments that led to conclusions contradicting what we all know from our physical experience–that runners run, that arrows fly, and that there are many different things in the world. The arguments were paradoxes for the ancient Greek philosophers. Because most of the arguments turn crucially on the notion that space and time are infinitely divisible—for example, that for any distance there is such a thing as half that distance, and so on—Zeno was the first person in history to show that the concept of infinity is problematical. In his Achilles Paradox, Achilles races to catch a slower runner–for example, a tortoise that is crawling away from him. The tortoise has a head start, so if Achilles hopes to overtake it, he must run at least to the place where the tortoise presently is, but by the time he arrives there, it will have crawled to a new place, so then Achilles must run to this new place, but the  tortoise meanwhile will have crawled on, and so forth. Achilles will never catch the tortoise, says Zeno. Therefore, good reasoning shows that fast runners never can catch slow ones. So much the worse for the claim that motion really occurs, Zeno says in defense of his mentor Parmenides who had argued that motion is an illusion. Although practically no scholars today would agree with Zeno’s conclusion, we can not escape the paradox by jumping up from our seat and chasing down a tortoise, nor by saying Achilles should run to some other target place ahead of where the tortoise is at the moment. What is required is an analysis of Zeno’s own argument that does not get us embroiled in new paradoxes nor impoverish our mathematics and science. This article explains his ten known paradoxes and considers the treatments that have been offered. Zeno assumed distances and durations can be divided into an actual infinity (what we now call a transfinite infinity) of indivisible parts, and he assumed these are too many for the runner to complete. Aristotle‘s treatment said Zeno should have assumed there are only potential infinities, and that neither places nor times divide into indivisible parts. His treatment became the generally accepted solution until the late 19th century. The current standard treatment says Zeno was right to conclude that a runner’s path contains an actual infinity of parts, but he was mistaken to assume this is too many. This treatment employs the apparatus of calculus which has proved its indispensability for the development of modern science. In the twentieth century it finally became clear that disallowing actual infinities, as Aristotle wanted, hampers the growth of set theory and ultimately of mathematics and physics. This standard treatment took hundreds of years to perfect and was due to the flexibility of intellectuals who were willing to replace old theories and their concepts with more fruitful ones, despite the damage done to common sense and our naive intuitions. The article ends by exploring newer treatments of the paradoxes—and related paradoxes such as Thomson’s Lamp Paradox—that were developed since the 1950s. Parmenides (b. 510 BCE) Parmenides was a Greek philosopher and poet, born of an illustrious family about BCE. 510, at Elea in Lower Italy, and is is the chief representative of the Eleatic philosophy. He was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens for his excellent legislation, to which they ascribed the prosperity and wealth of the town. He was also admired for his exemplary life. A â€Å"Parmenidean life† was proverbial among the Greeks. He is commonly represented as a disciple of Xenophanes. Parmenides wrote after Heraclitus, and in conscious opposition to him, given the evident allusion to Hericlitus: â€Å"for whom it is and is not, the same and not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions† (fr. 6, 8). Little more is known of his biography than that he stopped at Athens on a journey in his sixty-fifth year, and there became acquainted with the youthful Socrates. That must have been in the middle of the fifth century BCE., or shortly after it. Parmenides broke with the older Ionic prose tradition by writing in hexameter verse. His didactic poem, called On Nature, survives in fragments, although the Proem (or introductory discourse) of the work has been preserved. Parmenides was a young man when he wrote it, for the goddess who reveals the truth to him addresses him as â€Å"youth.† The work is considered inartistic. Its Hesiodic style was appropriate for the cosmogony he describes in the second part, but is unsuited to the arid dialectic of the first. Parmenides was no born poet, and we must ask what led him to take this new departure. The example of Xenophanes’ poetic writings is not a complete explanation; for the poetry of Parmenides is as unlike that of Xenophanes as it well can be, and his style is more like Hesiod and the Orphics. In the Proem Parmenides describes his ascent to the home of the goddess who is supposed to speak the remainder of the verses; this is a reflexion of the conventional ascents i nto heaven which were almost as common as descents into hell in the apocalyptic literature of those days. The Proem opens with Parmenides representing himself as borne on a chariot and attended by the Sunmaidens who have quitted the Halls of Night to guide him on his journey. They pass along the highway till they come to the Gate of Night and Day, which is locked and barred. The key is in the keeping of Dike (Right), the Avenger, who is persuaded to unlock it by the Sunmaidens.  They pass in through the gate and are now, of course, in the realms of Day. The goal of the journey is the palace of a goddess who welcomes Parmenides and instructs him in the two ways, that of Truth and the deceptive way of Belief, in which is no truth at all. All this is described without inspiration and in a purely conventional manner, so it must be interpreted by the canons of the apocalyptic style. It is clearly meant to indicate that Parmenides had been converted, that he had passed from error (night) to truth (day), and the Two Ways must represent his former error and the truth which is now revealed to h im. There is reason to believe that the Way of Belief is an account of Pythagorean cosmology. In any case, it is surely impossible to regard it as anything else than a description of some error. The goddess says so in words that cannot be explained away. Further, this erroneous belief is not the ordinary man’s view of the world, but an elaborate system, which seems to be a natural development the Ionian cosmology on certain lines, and there is no other system but the Pythagorean that fulfils this requirement. To this it has been objected that Parmenides would not have taken the trouble to expound in detail a system he had altogether rejected, but that is to mistake the character of the apocalyptic convention. It is not Parmenides, but the goddess, that expounds the system, and it is for this reason that the beliefs described are said to be those of ‘mortals’. Now a description of the ascent of the soul would be quite incomplete without a picture of the region from which it had escaped. The goddess must reveal the two ways at the parting of which Parmenides stands, and bid him choose the better. The rise of mathematics in the Pythagorean school had revealed for the first time the power of thought. To the mathematician of all men it is the same thing that can be thought and that can be, and this is the principle from which Parmenides starts. It is impossible to think what is not, and it is impossible for what cannot be thought to be. The great question, Is it or is it not? is therefore equivalent to the question, Can it be thought or not? In any case, the work thus has two divisions. The first discusses the truth, and the second the world of illusion — that is, the world of the senses and the erroneous opinions of mankind founded upon them. In his opinion truth  lies in the perception that existence is, and error in the idea that non-existence also can be. Nothing can have real existence but what is conceivable; therefore to be imagined and to be able to exist are the same thing, and there is no development. The essence of what is conceivable is incapable of development, imperishable, immutable, unbounded, and indivisible. What is various and mutable, all development, is a delusive phantom. Perception is thought directed to the pure essence of being; the phenomenal world is a delusion, and the opinions formed concerning it can only be improbable. Parmenides goes on to consider in the light of this principle the consequences of saying that anything is. In the first place, it cannot have come into being. If it had, it must have arisen from nothing or from something. It cannot have arisen from nothing; for there is no nothing. It cannot have arisen from something; for here is nothing else than what is. Nor can anything else besides itself come into being; for there can be no empty space in which it could do so. Is it or is it not? If it is, then it is now, all at once. In this way Parmenides refutes all accounts of the origin of the world. Ex nihilo nihil fit. Further, if it is, it simply is, and it cannot be more or less. There is, therefore, as much of it in one place as in another. (That makes rarefaction and condensation impossible.) it is continuous and indivisible; for there is nothing but itself which could prevent its parts being in contact with one another. It is therefore full, a continuous indivisible plenum. (That is directed against the Pythagorean theory of a discontinuous reality.) Further, it is immovable. If it moved, it must move into empty space, and empty space is nothing, and there is no nothing. Also it is finite and spherical; for it cannot be in one direction any more than in another, and the sphere is the only figure of which this can be said. What is, therefore a finite, spherical, motionless, continuous plenum, and there is nothing beyond it. Coming into being and ceasing to be are mere ‘names’, and so is motion, and still more color and the like. They are not even thoughts; for a thought must be a thought of something that is, and none of these can be. Such is the conclusion to which the view of the real as a single body inevitably leads, and there is no escape from it. The ‘matter’ of our physical text-books is just the real of Parmenides; and, unless we can find room for something else than matter, we are shut up into his account of reality. No subsequent system could afford to ignore this, but of course it was impossible to acquiesce permanently in a doctrine like that of Parmenides. It deprives the world we know of all claim to existence, and reduces it to something which is hardly even an illusion. If we are to give an intelligible account of the world, we must certainly introduce motion again somehow. That can never be taken for granted any more, as it was by the early cosmologists; we must attempt to explain it if we are to escape from the conclusions of Parmenides. Heraclitus (fl. c.500 BCE) A Greek philosopher of the late 6th century BCE, Heraclitus criticizes his predecessors and contemporaries for their failure to see the unity in experience. He claims to announce an everlasting Word (Logos) according to which all things are one, in some sense. Opposites are necessary for life, but they are unified in a system of balanced exchanges. The world itself consists of a law-like interchange of elements, symbolized by fire. Thus the world is not to be identified with any particular substance, but rather with an ongoing process governed by a law of change. The underlying law of nature also manifests itself as a moral law for human beings. Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications. Anaxagoras (c.500—428 BCE) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years. He gained notoriety for his materialistic views, particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock. This led to charges of impiety, and he was sentenced to death by the Athenian court. He avoided this penalty by leaving Athens, and he spent his remaining years in exile. While Anaxagoras proposed theories on a variety of subjects, he is most noted for two theories. First, he speculated that in the physical world everything contains a portion of everything else. His observation of how nutrition works in animals led him to conclude that in order for the food an animal eats to turn into bone,  hair, flesh, and so forth, it must already contain all of those constituents within it. The second theory of significance is Anaxagoras’ postulation of Mind (Nous) as the initiating and governing principle of the cosmos. Democritus ( 460—370 BCE) Democritus was born at Abdera, about 460 BCE, although according to some 490. His father was from a noble family and of great wealth, and contributed largely towards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes on his return to Asia. As a reward for this service the Persian monarch gave and other Abderites presents and left among them several Magi. Democritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was instructed by these Magi in astronomy and theology. After the death of his father he traveled in search of wisdom, and devoted his inheritance to this purpose, amounting to one hundred talents. He is said to have visited Egypt, Ethiopia, Persia, and India. Whether, in the course of his travels, he visited Athens or studied under Anaxagoras is uncertain. During some part of his life he was instructed in Pythagoreanism, and was a disciple of Leucippus. After several years of traveling, Democritus returned to Abdera, with no means of subsistence. His brother Damosis, however, took him in. According to the law of Abdera, whoever wasted his patrimony would be deprived of the rites of burial. Democritus, hoping to avoid this disgrace, gave public lectures. Petronius relates that he was acquainted with the virtues of herbs, plants, and stones, and that he spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies. He acquired fame with his knowledge of natural phenomena, and predicted changes in the weather. He used this ability to make people believe that he could predict future events. They not only viewed him as something more than mortal, but even proposed to put him in control of their public affairs. He preferred a contemplative to an active life, and therefore declined these public honors and passed the remainder of his days in solitude. Credit cannot be given to the tale that Democritus spent his leisure hours in chemical researches after the philosopher’s stone — the dream of a later age; or to the story of his conversation with Hippocrates concerning Democritus’s supposed madness, as based on spurious letters. Democritus has been commonly known as â€Å"The Laughing Philosopher,† and it is gravely related  by Seneca that he never appeared in public with out expressing his contempt of human follies while laughing. Accordingly, we find that among his fellow-citizens he had the name of â€Å"the mocker†. He died at more than a hundred years of age. It is said that from then on he spent his days and nights in caverns and sepulchers, and that, in order to master his intellectual faculties, he blinded himself with burning glass. This story, however, is discredited by the writers who mention it insofar as they say he wrote books and dissected animals, neither of which could be done we ll without eyes. Democritus expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. He maintained the impossibility of dividing things ad infinitum. From the difficulty of assigning a beginning of time, he argued the eternity of existing nature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed the atoms, which are originally similar, to be impenetrable and have a density proportionate to their volume. All motions are the result of active and passive affection. He drew a distinction between primary motion and its secondary effects, that is, impulse and reaction. This is the basis of the law of necessity, by which all things in nature are ruled. The worlds which we see — with all their properties of immensity, resemblance, and dissimilitude — result from the endless multiplicity of falling atoms. The human soul consists of globular atoms of fire, which impart movement to the body. Maintaining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus introduced the hypothesis of images or idols (eidola), a kind of emanation from external objects, which make an impression on our senses, and from the influence of which he deduced sensation (aesthesis) and thought (noesis). He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and therefore false perception and a true one. In the same manner, consistent with this theory, he accounted for the popular notions of Deity; partly through our incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions communicated by certain beings (eidola) of enormous stature and resembling the human figure which inhabit the air. We know these from dreams and the causes of divination. He carried his theory into practical philosophy also, laying down that happiness consisted in an even temperament. From this he deduced his moral principles and prudential maxims. It was from Democritus that  Epicurus borrowed the princi pal features of his philosophy. Empedocles (c.492—432 BCE) Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet: one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics), and a poet of outstanding ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one – see below) exist in more than 150 fragments. He has been regarded variously as a materialist physicist, a shamanic magician, a mystical theologian, a healer, a democratic politician, a living god, and a fraud. To him is attributed the invention of the four-element theory of matter (earth, air, fire, and water), one of the earliest theories of particle physics, put forward seemingly to rescue the phenomenal world from the static monism of Parmenides. Empedocles’ world-view is of a cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay, in which two personified cosmic forces, Love and Strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy. In psychology and ethics Empedocles was a follower of Pythagoras, hence a believer in the transmigration of souls, and hence also a vegetarian. He claims to be a daimà ´n, a divine or potentially divine being, who, having been banished from the immortals gods for ‘three times countless years’ for committing the sin of meat-eating and forced to suffer successive reincarnations in an purificatory journey through the different orders of nature and elements of the cosmos, has now achieved the most perfect of human states and will be reborn as an immortal. He also claims seemingly magical powers including the ability to revive the dead and to control the winds and rains.

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